Section
Instrumentation & Control
Transmitters, pressure, temperature, flow and level measurement, control valves, 4–20 mA, P&ID reading and SIL.
- Topics
- 5
- Standards covered
- 9
Beginner
No prior knowledge assumed
What a transmitter is, and why it sends 4–20 mA
How a field instrument turns a physical quantity into a number the control room can use, why the signal starts at 4 mA instead of zero, and how to pick a measurement principle.
Reading a P&ID — the drawing every discipline works from
How a P&ID differs from a PFD, decoding instrument tags and bubbles, following a control loop across the sheet, and the details that decide what gets built.
Intermediate
Builds on the basics
Safety instrumented systems and SIL — the layer that acts on its own
Why protection is kept separate from control, what a SIL number actually measures, how voting trades spurious trips against missed ones, and why a bypass left in is the classic failure.
Instrument installation and loop checking — where most readings go wrong
Hook-up drawings, why impulse lines must slope the right way, what a manifold is for, and the commissioning sequence that catches problems before the plant does.
Alarm management — why an operator with 400 alarms has none
What an alarm is actually for, why a flood during an upset removes the help exactly when it is needed, what a standing alarm costs, and why adding an alarm is a design decision rather than a configuration change.